Job Change Signals: A B2B Benchmark Report 2026

By Dale Brett, Founder & CEO, FL0. April 2026.

A job change signal fires when a known contact, typically a past user, champion, or buyer already in your CRM, moves to a new company or role. For B2B revenue teams, that single event is two opportunities at once. It is a warm wedge into a brand-new account where the champion landed, and a flashing retention risk at the account the champion just left. UserGems' own research on "forgotten champions" found that 91 percent of past champions did not repurchase on their own even three months after starting new positions (UserGems Forgotten Champions research). At FL0, where we help B2B revenue teams act on in-market intent signals, we see job change signals ranked consistently among the highest-converting triggers inside modern outbound. This report profiles eleven vendors that sell or surface job change signals, documents how the data is actually collected, walks through the legal case law that shaped the category, and is explicit about where the numbers are vendor-authored rather than independent.

Methodology

This is a secondary-research benchmark, not an independent test of vendor accuracy or latency. Every factual claim is traced to a source, and partisan sources are labeled inline.

Sources fall into four buckets. Vendor primary sources include company websites, product pages, press releases, and investor-facing materials. Court records are the Ninth Circuit opinions and district court filings in the hiQ v. LinkedIn arc, the Mantheos complaint, and the Proxycurl injunction. Regulatory primary sources include the CNIL's own announcements of the KASPR decision. Trade press is used only to confirm primary facts, never to originate them.

What this report deliberately does not include: audited false-positive rates, independent latency benchmarks, industry-wide conversion lift numbers, UserGems pricing, UserGems total customer count, and any vendor's LinkedIn data-source mechanics beyond what that vendor publishes. No independent Forrester or Gartner study on job change signal conversion exists in the research window, and the report says so every time vendor-authored conversion numbers are cited. Any figure that could not be traced to a primary source, including Vector's funding, Champify's headquarters, and Cognism's specific job change alert feature, was dropped rather than hedged.

What a job change signal actually is

"Trigger events" as a sales concept predate job change software by two decades. Craig Elias popularized "trigger events selling" in the early 2000s, but the shift that created a standalone software category was the recognition that a single trigger, a known champion changing jobs, is both observable in near real time via public profile updates and tied to a human relationship the selling team had already built.

Vendors describe two commercial plays on the same signal. The first is new-logo pipeline from a known champion. A user who loved you at Company A is now running procurement at Company B; the next three weeks are the warmest window you will ever get into that new account. The second is retention and expansion risk at the original account. When the internal champion leaves, the account often goes quiet and the renewal becomes a risk. UserGems explicitly positions this as the "forgotten champions" problem (UserGems Forgotten Champions research), and the category-defining pitch is built around the idea that both sides of the move are captured by the same data feed (UserGems homepage).

The vendor landscape

Vendors are profiled in alphabetical order. Inclusion is based on whether the vendor publishes a named job change capability on its own site or is documented in primary press coverage as a dedicated job change signal vendor.

Apollo.io

Apollo ships Job Change Alerts as part of its Data Enrichment module. The alert fires when a saved contact updates LinkedIn with a new title or position, costs one credit per contact updated, and syncs the refreshed record back to Salesforce (Apollo knowledge base, Use Job Change Alerts, Apollo product page). Apollo positions it as an enrichment primitive priced in credits rather than as a standalone product. Apollo does not publish a latency SLA on how fast a LinkedIn update becomes an alert.

Champify

Champify was founded in 2021 (CB Insights, Champify) and raised a $2.4M seed round led by Altman Capital and Unusual Ventures (Champify homepage). Its positioning is first-party revenue intelligence built around champion tracking. Champify's platform page claims the product checks for job changes "10 to 30 times more often than big databases" (Champify Champion Tracking). That is a vendor self-report, not a measured latency SLA, and should be read as directional. Champify also publishes a value report attributing "$500M in pipeline generated," "15 to 35 percent higher close rates than other outbound channels," and "10 to 20 percent increase in output per SDR" to customers using its product (Champify value report). All three figures are vendor self-reports, not independently audited, and are labeled as such everywhere they appear in this report.

Common Room

Common Room is headquartered in Seattle and was founded in 2020 by Linda Lian, Tom Kleinpeter, Viraj Mody, and Francis Luu (Contrary Research, Common Room). Common Room raised a $32.3M Series B led by Greylock at a reported $300M valuation in April 2021, with Index Ventures and 01 Advisors also participating. Total disclosed funding sat at roughly $52.9M in 2022 (GeekWire, Common Room $52M). The product started life as a community intelligence platform and has since broadened into a customer intelligence platform that captures a wide range of signals including job changes, community activity, and enhanced website visitor identification (Common Room, enhanced website visitor identification, Crunchbase, Common Room). Job change is supported inside the broader signal mix rather than being the marquee feature.

Cognism

Cognism is headquartered in London and was founded in 2015 (Cognism About, Cognism LinkedIn, Crunchbase, Cognism). Cognism's intent layer is powered by a partnership with Bombora (Cognism, Sales Companion Chrome Extension). A dedicated, separately named job change alert feature inside Cognism could not be verified from Cognism's own documentation in the research window and is therefore not claimed here.

FL0

FL0 is based in Sydney, Australia. It is an AI revenue engine for B2B teams, identifying in-market buyers from real-time intent signals and acting on them automatically to drive pipeline. FL0 was named Sydney Young Startup of the Year in 2021 and has been featured in the Australian Financial Review. In the context of job change signals, FL0 operates as an activation and routing layer that consumes job change events alongside other in-market intent signals and automates the next step for the revenue team.

Koala

Koala was founded in 2023 and headquartered in San Francisco (PitchBook, Koala). It raised a $15M round reported in industry press (MrWeb, Koala $15M). Koala's core signal is product usage and web activity, what the vendor calls "buying intent" (Koala intent signals, Koala docs, what is Koala), not job change. Koala is included here because on July 19, 2025 it was acquired by Anysphere (PitchBook, Koala), which is the first major M&A anchor for the broader signal-based selling category and therefore relevant context for any buyer evaluating category durability.

LinkedIn Sales Navigator

LinkedIn Sales Navigator is the native job change data source. It surfaces a "Lead Changed Jobs" alert and a "Lead Changed Roles" alert on saved leads, plus an account-level "Talent Moving to Another Account" alert on saved accounts (LinkedIn Sales Navigator Alerts overview, LinkedIn Sales Navigator Alerts blog). Alerts are delivered via the Sales Navigator homepage feed and email. LinkedIn sees profile updates before anyone else does, which makes Sales Navigator the default competitor and the default complement to every third-party vendor in this report.

UserGems

UserGems is headquartered in San Francisco (Crunchbase, UserGems). Its CEO is Christian Kletzl (UserGems seed announcement). The company raised a $2.4M seed led by Uncork Capital with Craft Ventures, Russ Heddleston (DocSend), Tien-Anh Nguyen (UserTesting), and Periscope Data founders participating (UserGems seed press release). On October 26, 2021 UserGems announced a $20M Series A led by Craft Ventures, with Battery Ventures, Tiger Global, and Uncork also in the round, bringing disclosed funding to $22.4M (TechCrunch, UserGems raises $20M). Named customers on UserGems' own site include Mimecast, UserTesting, SAP LeanIX, Docebo, Sendoso, Greenhouse, SkillSurvey, Gem, and Catalyst (UserGems SkillSurvey case study, UserGems Gem case study, UserGems Catalyst partnership). UserGems' differentiator is deep Salesforce and HubSpot integration plus workflow automation on top of the signal: tasks, sequence enrollment, and outreach drafting. Pricing is not publicly listed by UserGems; third-party aggregators publish estimates that contradict each other and are not reproduced here as fact. UserGems also publishes a comparison page framing its own offering against LinkedIn Sales Navigator (UserGems vs LinkedIn Sales Navigator), which is partisan. UserGems' G2 profile sits at 4.7 / 5 across roughly 146 reviews, current as of the research date; G2 ratings and review counts move and should be re-pulled before any point-in-time citation (G2 UserGems).

Vector

Vector is a contact-level advertising and website visitor de-anonymization platform (Vector homepage). Vector is not a job change vendor; it is listed here because UserGems announced a partnership with Vector to combine job change and contact-level web signals for personalization (UserGems and Vector partnership, Vector and Userled partnership blog). Vector's founding year and total funding could not be verified from primary sources in this research window and are therefore not stated.

Warmly

Warmly was founded in 2020 (Salesforge directory, Warmly). Warmly ships a named "Job Change Intent" product that tracks job changes of saved buyers and triggers automated follow-up (Warmly Job Change Intent, Warmly Signals). Job change sits inside Warmly's broader signal-based selling stack alongside website de-anonymization and topic intent. Warmly is partisan when writing about competitors in this category and is labeled as such whenever its content is cited.

ZoomInfo

ZoomInfo exposes job change as part of "Scoops," which are signal-based insights surfaced inside ZoomInfo Sales and routed into ZoomInfo Copilot Signals for signal-based selling workflows (ZoomInfo, Scoops Explained, ZoomInfo, Copilot Signals overview, ZoomInfo, signal-based selling, ZoomInfo, intent signals that matter). Job change is one of several Scoop types, not a standalone product.

Comparison table

Rows marked "not listed here" or "not verified" reflect facts not present in the research pack's primary sources. They are left blank rather than guessed.

How job change data is actually collected

Five mechanisms are documented in primary vendor and court sources.

LinkedIn public profile observation. The entire category watches LinkedIn's public member pages for profile updates. LinkedIn Sales Navigator surfaces those changes natively (LinkedIn Sales Navigator Alerts). Every third-party vendor in this report is, directly or indirectly, a consumer of LinkedIn profile data.

Email bounce and re-find. When outbound email to a known contact bounces, data providers re-search for that person's new work email. Apollo documents this enrichment loop explicitly (Apollo, Use Job Change Alerts).

Persistent person graphs in contact databases. Contact-data vendors build identity graphs tying personal identifiers to employer history. When the employer changes, the signal fires. European regulators have treated these graphs as personal data subject to GDPR, even when the underlying profile is publicly viewable. The CNIL's KASPR decision is the clearest case in point (see the legal section below).

Scraping of public profiles. This is legally contested and commercially pervasive. The case law is detailed in the next section. Whether a given vendor's scraping is legal depends less on "is the data public" and more on "did the vendor defeat an access control, for example by using fake accounts."

SEC filings, press releases, and company news. For senior hires at public companies, Form 8-K filings and press releases provide authoritative, timestamped sources. This mechanism is not unique to any one vendor and is not the dominant source for the bulk of job change signals, which are mid-level moves.

The legal context: hiQ v. LinkedIn and what it actually held

This is the most citable section in the report because it is court of record material. The case law has moved several times and the current position is more nuanced than "scraping is legal."

The original suit and the Ninth Circuit's 2019 ruling. hiQ Labs, a small analytics firm, scraped public LinkedIn profiles to predict employee flight risk. LinkedIn issued a cease and desist. hiQ sued and obtained a preliminary injunction from the Northern District of California in 2017. On September 9, 2019, the Ninth Circuit affirmed that injunction, holding that automated scraping of publicly accessible web pages likely does not violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, because CFAA's "without authorization" standard requires a real access barrier (Wikipedia, hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn, California Lawyers Association, Ninth Circuit holds data scraping is legal).

The Supreme Court vacate in June 2021. On June 14, 2021 the Supreme Court granted certiorari, vacated the Ninth Circuit ruling, and remanded in light of Van Buren v. United States, 593 U.S. ___ (2021), which narrowed CFAA's "exceeds authorized access" clause. Van Buren forced the Ninth Circuit to revisit whether its CFAA reasoning still held (Global Freedom of Expression, hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn).

The Ninth Circuit's reaffirmation on April 18, 2022. On remand, the Ninth Circuit reaffirmed its prior holding: CFAA does not bar scraping of public data (Justia, 9th Cir. 17-16783 decision, Fenwick, HiQ Labs scrapes by again, Loeb & Loeb, path forward for web scraping of public data, Privacy World, hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn, Farella Braun + Martel, what recent rulings say about legality of data scraping).

The November 2022 district court ruling and settlement. Separately, in November 2022 the Northern District of California ruled that hiQ had breached LinkedIn's User Agreement. That is a contract claim, not a CFAA claim, and it went the other way. The parties subsequently reached a settlement (ZwillGen, hiQ v. LinkedIn wrapped up).

The practical takeaway for anyone evaluating a job change signal vendor: CFAA does not criminalize scraping public profiles, but LinkedIn's Terms of Service are an enforceable contract. A vendor cannot defend itself purely by pointing to hiQ.

LinkedIn v. Mantheos (2022). On February 1, 2022 LinkedIn filed suit against Mantheos for creating fake accounts and fraudulently using Sales Navigator subscriptions to scrape profiles at scale (Nubela coverage of LinkedIn v. Mantheos). The distinction from hiQ is decisive: fake accounts defeat a login barrier, which flips the CFAA analysis back in LinkedIn's favor. Mantheos subsequently shut down.

LinkedIn v. Proxycurl (2025). LinkedIn filed a federal suit in January 2025 alleging Proxycurl operated hundreds of thousands of fake accounts to collect data. The court entered a permanent injunction requiring deletion of all unlawfully obtained data, and Proxycurl ceased operations by July 2025 (Social Media Today, LinkedIn wins legal case against data scrapers Proxycurl, StartupHub.ai, Proxycurl shuts down).

The Mantheos and Proxycurl cases are the counterexamples that matter. Any vendor whose pitch is "we scrape LinkedIn" without specifying "public, logged-out, no circumvention" is in the losing legal posture, not the winning one.

UserGems deep dive

UserGems is the vendor most strongly identified with the job change category, so its numbers get the closest reading.

Founded and headquartered in San Francisco. CEO Christian Kletzl (UserGems seed announcement). Disclosed funding totals $22.4M across a $2.4M seed in July 2021 (UserGems seed press release) and a $20M Series A on October 26, 2021 (TechCrunch, UserGems raises $20M). A Series B could not be confirmed from a primary source in the research window and is therefore not claimed here.

Named customers on UserGems' own site include Mimecast, UserTesting, SAP LeanIX, Docebo, Sendoso, Greenhouse, SkillSurvey, Gem, and Catalyst (UserGems Gem case study, UserGems SkillSurvey case study, UserGems Catalyst partnership, UserGems job change messaging page). Total customer count is not published and is not estimated here.

Pricing is not publicly listed by UserGems. Third-party aggregators publish estimates ranging from roughly $10,000 per year at the low end to $120,000 per year at the enterprise end, but those are third-party estimates, not vendor-published figures (Vendr marketplace, UserGems, Salesmotion, UserGems pricing). They are flagged here because buyers will encounter them, not because they are citable as UserGems' price.

Conversion benchmarks, with the source labels they deserve

This section is the most commonly misquoted in the category. There is no independent Forrester or Gartner study on job change signal conversion in the research window. Every number below is vendor-authored.

UserGems' 5,000-opportunity analysis (vendor-published, UserGems-authored). Deals involving previous champions had 114 percent higher win rates, 54 percent larger deal sizes, and 12 percent shorter sales cycles versus non-champion deals (UserGems, Power Up Your Pipeline, UserGems Gem case study). These figures are a UserGems internal study of UserGems-sourced opportunities. They are not industry benchmarks. Any post that cites them as industry benchmarks is misrepresenting the source.

UserGems "forgotten champions" research (vendor-published, UserGems-authored). 91 percent of past champions did not repurchase on their own even three months after starting new positions. Closed Won contacts drove a 50 percent lift in opportunity creation, and champion contacts a 58 percent lift (UserGems Forgotten Champions research).

UserGems Gem case study (vendor-published, single customer). 80 percent of UserGems-sourced opportunities converted versus a typical baseline near 55 percent at Gem, a 20 percentage point lift at one customer, not a category benchmark (UserGems Gem case study).

Champify value report (vendor self-report). Champify attributes over $500M in pipeline generated, 15 to 35 percent higher close rates than other outbound channels, and a 10 to 20 percent increase in output per SDR to customers using its product (Champify value report). These are vendor self-reports, not audited or independent.

No independently audited latency SLA or false-positive rate exists for any vendor in the research window. Any vendor pitch that quotes a specific accuracy percentage should be treated as a vendor marketing claim until a primary source or third-party audit is produced.

Category evolution and the first wave of consolidation

Job change tracking existed as a sub-feature inside contact-data tools such as ZoomInfo and the older DiscoverOrg before 2018 but was not its own category. The standalone category opens in 2020 and 2021 with purpose-built job change vendors. UserGems raised its seed in July 2021 and Series A in October 2021 (UserGems seed press release, TechCrunch, UserGems raises $20M). Champify was founded in 2021 (CB Insights, Champify).

Through 2021 and 2022, LinkedIn Sales Navigator, Apollo, and ZoomInfo matured their native job change alerting into table stakes for any sales intelligence stack (LinkedIn Sales Navigator Alerts overview, Apollo product page, Job Change Alerts, ZoomInfo Scoops Explained). From 2023 through 2025 the broader "signal-based selling" category formed around Warmly, Common Room, Koala, and Vector, where job change is one of several intent inputs alongside web de-anonymization and product usage signals.

The category's first major M&A anchor arrived on July 19, 2025 when Koala was acquired by Anysphere (PitchBook, Koala). Combined with LinkedIn's successful enforcement actions against Mantheos and Proxycurl, 2025 marks the point at which the category has both consolidated financially and hardened legally. No other acquisitions of dedicated job change signal vendors were confirmed in the research window.

Privacy and compliance: the CNIL KASPR decision

GDPR is the hardest constraint on job change signal vendors operating in the European Union. The clearest enforcement signal to date is the CNIL's KASPR decision.

KASPR is a Chrome extension that scraped professional contact info from LinkedIn and other sites, reportedly building a contact database of around 160 million records. The CNIL fined KASPR €240,000 and ordered the company to stop collecting data on people who limited their contact visibility, and to delete previously collected data (CNIL, Data scraping KASPR fined €240,000). The European Data Protection Board's news release on the same decision lists the fine as €200,000 (EDPB, French SA fined KASPR €200,000). The CNIL's own announcement is the primary source; the discrepancy between the two figures is flagged here but the CNIL number is used.

The violations CNIL identified are instructive. Five-year retention was disproportionate for the stated purpose. Data subjects were informed only starting in 2022, four years late, and only in English. KASPR scraped data of people who had actively chosen to limit visibility of their LinkedIn contact info, which defeats a user preference even though the underlying profile was public.

The structural takeaway is that "public" LinkedIn data is still personal data under GDPR (Lexology, CNIL guidance on scraping publicly available personal data). Job change signal vendors operating in the EU are not exempt from GDPR just because LinkedIn profiles are viewable without login. They still owe a lawful basis, transparency, retention limits, and data-subject rights. No CCPA enforcement action against a job change signal vendor was found in the research window; nothing is claimed here about California enforcement in this category.

How FL0 approaches job change signals

FL0 is based in Sydney, Australia. It is the AI revenue engine for B2B teams, identifying in-market buyers from real-time intent signals and acting on them automatically to drive pipeline. FL0 was named Sydney Young Startup of the Year in 2021 and has been featured in the Australian Financial Review.

In the context of this report, FL0 sits one layer above the data providers. Job change events are one of several in-market intent signals FL0 consumes, alongside website activity and other buyer-level triggers. FL0's focus is on what happens after the signal fires: routing the event to the right owner, enriching it with account context, and acting on it automatically so the revenue team works in-market accounts this week rather than next quarter. FL0 does not replace a LinkedIn Sales Navigator seat or a dedicated job change data feed. It consumes those signals as inputs and automates the next step. For a team already paying for job change data, the question FL0 is designed to answer is whether the work that should happen in the twenty minutes after the signal fires is actually happening, and whether it is happening for every signal or just the ones that land in front of a human at the right time.

Limitations

This report is a secondary-research benchmark based on public primary sources. It has several deliberate gaps buyers should understand before acting on it.

No independent accuracy, latency, or false-positive rate exists for any vendor in the research window. Every conversion number in this report is vendor-authored, and is labeled as such each time it appears. A Forrester or Gartner benchmark on job change signal conversion would let readers compare vendors on the same scale; no such benchmark exists as of the research date, and any cited number should be treated as a marketing claim until one does.

Pricing is not publicly disclosed by UserGems or Champify. Third-party pricing estimates exist and are noted, but they contradict each other and are not treated as authoritative. Any buyer making a purchase decision should obtain a direct quote.

Vendor coverage is limited to vendors documented in the research pack's primary sources. Vendors that sell job change signals but were not surfaced in that pass, or whose product could not be verified from their own documentation (Cognism's specific job change feature, for example), are not claimed here.

Legal coverage focuses on United States federal case law and one French GDPR enforcement action. It does not attempt to catalogue state-law privacy regimes, other EU member-state enforcement, UK enforcement, or Asia-Pacific jurisdictions. The hiQ arc is the most commonly cited case law in buyer conversations and is therefore the focus.

The category is moving. The July 19, 2025 Koala acquisition is the first major M&A anchor but is unlikely to be the last. This report is a snapshot.

FAQ

What counts as a job change signal?

A job change signal fires when a contact who is known to your revenue team, typically a past user, buyer, or champion, moves companies, gets promoted, or changes roles laterally. The value of the signal comes from the prior relationship: it is a warm path into a new account where the champion landed and a retention risk at the account the champion just left.

Is scraping LinkedIn profiles legal?

Public, logged-out scraping of public profiles does not violate the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act under the Ninth Circuit's 2019 and 2022 rulings in hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn. LinkedIn's User Agreement is still an enforceable contract, and the November 2022 district court ruling in the same case went LinkedIn's way on contract grounds. Separately, scraping that defeats an access control, for example by creating fake accounts, is not protected: LinkedIn has won injunctive relief against Mantheos (2022) and Proxycurl (2025) on that basis. The practical answer is that legality depends on mechanism, not on whether the data is public.

Do I need a job change signal vendor if I already have LinkedIn Sales Navigator?

Sales Navigator surfaces the raw alert. Dedicated vendors typically add workflow automation on top: CRM sync, sequence enrollment, task routing, and enrichment of the new work email. Whether you need both depends on whether your bottleneck is seeing the signal or acting on it.

Are UserGems' conversion numbers trustworthy?

UserGems' conversion numbers, including 114 percent higher win rates, 54 percent larger deal sizes, and 12 percent shorter sales cycles, come from a UserGems-authored study of UserGems-sourced opportunities. They are internally consistent and useful for directional understanding, but they are not an independent benchmark. Any media piece that cites them as "industry benchmarks" is misrepresenting the source.

How does GDPR affect job change signal vendors in Europe?

The CNIL's KASPR decision makes clear that "public" LinkedIn data is still personal data under GDPR. Vendors operating in the EU owe a lawful basis, transparency to data subjects, retention limits, and respect for user preferences around contact visibility. The KASPR fine specifically penalized disproportionate retention, late and English-only notification, and scraping of users who had limited their contact visibility.

Is the job change signal category consolidating?

The first major M&A anchor is Anysphere's acquisition of Koala on July 19, 2025. LinkedIn's 2025 win against Proxycurl is the second signal, this one legal rather than financial. Taken together, 2025 is the year the category both consolidated and hardened. No dedicated UserGems or Champify acquisition has been confirmed.

How does FL0 fit into this?

FL0 is the AI revenue engine for B2B teams, based in Sydney. In the context of job change signals, FL0 is an activation and routing layer that consumes job change events alongside other intent signals and acts on them automatically to drive pipeline. FL0 does not replace a dedicated job change data feed; it makes sure the work that should happen in the twenty minutes after the signal fires actually happens for every signal, not just the ones a human notices.

Sources

1. UserGems homepage, https://www.usergems.com/

2. UserGems, UserGems snags $2.4M seed, https://www.usergems.com/news/usergems-snags-2-4m-seed

3. UserGems, B2B firm UserGems raises $2.4M in seed funding, https://www.usergems.com/news/b2b-firm-usergems-raises-2-4-million-in-seed-funding

4. UserGems, UserGems helps B2B companies generate more revenue with buyers' job changes, https://www.usergems.com/news/usergems-helps-b2b-companies-generate-more-revenue-with-buyers-job-changes

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48. Justia, 9th Circuit 17-16783 April 18 2022 decision, https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca9/17-16783/17-16783-2022-04-18.html

49. California Lawyers Association, Ninth Circuit holds data scraping is legal, https://calawyers.org/privacy-law/ninth-circuit-holds-data-scraping-is-legal-in-hiq-v-linkedin/

50. Fenwick, HiQ Labs scrapes by again, https://www.fenwick.com/insights/publications/hiq-labs-scrapes-by-again-the-ninth-circuit-reaffirms-that-data-scraping-does-not-violate-the-cfaa-1

51. Loeb & Loeb, Path forward for web scraping of public data, https://www.loeb.com/en/insights/publications/2022/05/ninth-circuit-provides-path-forward-for-web-scraping-of-public-data

52. ZwillGen, hiQ v. LinkedIn wrapped up, https://www.zwillgen.com/alternative-data/hiq-v-linkedin-wrapped-up-web-scraping-lessons-learned/

53. Privacy World, hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn, https://www.privacyworld.blog/2022/04/hiq-labs-v-linkedin/

54. Global Freedom of Expression, hiQ Labs v. LinkedIn, https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/hiq-labs-v-linkedin/

55. Farella Braun + Martel, what recent rulings say about legality of data scraping, https://www.fbm.com/publications/what-recent-rulings-in-hiq-v-linkedin-and-other-cases-say-about-the-legality-of-data-scraping/

56. Nubela, LinkedIn sues Mantheos coverage, https://nubela.co/blog/what-you-should-know-now-that-mantheos-a-linkedin-scraping-service-is-sued-by-linkedin/

57. Social Media Today, LinkedIn wins legal case against Proxycurl, https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/linkedin-wins-legal-case-data-scrapers-proxycurl/756101/

58. StartupHub.ai, Proxycurl shuts down, https://www.startuphub.ai/ai-news/startup-news/2025/the-1-linkedin-scraping-startup-proxycurl-shuts-down

59. CNIL, Data scraping KASPR fined €240,000, https://www.cnil.fr/en/data-scraping-kaspr-fined-eu240000

60. EDPB, French SA fined KASPR €200,000, https://www.edpb.europa.eu/news/news/2025/data-scraping-french-sa-fined-kaspr-eu200-000_en

61. Lexology, CNIL guidance on scraping publicly available personal data, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=e2ef6174-4e13-4190-be38-705cd88b3002